Mission / Mars

Spirit & Opportunity (MER)

NASA / JPL · 2003–2019 · also Mars Exploration Rovers, MER, Spirit, Opportunity

Twin Mars Exploration Rovers that landed in 2004; Opportunity drove more than 45 km and pioneered visual odometry and autonomous driving on Mars.

Official mission page

Papers: 57
Named in: 7 in title · 57 in abstract · 20 in keywords

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2010’102011’112012’122013’132014’142015’152016’162017’172018’182019’192020’202021’212022’222023’232024’242025’252026’26

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14 papers naming Spirit & Opportunity

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AI4MARS: A Dataset for Terrain-Aware Autonomous Driving on Mars

Robert Michael Swan, Deegan Atha, Henry A. Leopold, Matthew Gildner +3 moreCVPR Workshop 2021 104 citedJun 1, 2021

Space × AIPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Learning-based Methods Simulation, Digital Twins & Benchmarks Curiosity Spirit & Opportunity Perseverance

DOI

Jun 1, 2021

Mars Exploration Rovers EDL Trajectory and Atmosphere Reconstruction using NewSTEP

Rohan G Deshmukh, Christopher D KarlgaardNASA TM 2021May 1, 2021

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Spirit & Opportunity

PDF NTRS

May 1, 2021

Autonomous rover traverse and precise arm placement on remotely designated targets

Michael Fleder, Issa Nesnas, Mihail Pivtoraiko, Alonzo Kelly +1 moreICRA 2011 4 citedMay 1, 2011

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Surface Mobility & Terramechanics Perception & State Estimation Spirit & Opportunity

PDF DOI

May 1, 2011

Enabling continuous planetary rover navigation through FPGA stereo and visual odometry

Thomas M. Howard, Arin C. Morfopoulos, Jack C. Morrison, Yoshiaki Kuwata +3 moreIEEE Aerospace 2012 32 citedMar 1, 2012

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Motion Planning & Navigation Design, Mechanisms & Hardware Spirit & Opportunity Curiosity

DOI

Mar 1, 2012

Autonomous Science Target Detection and Touchability Assessment for Planetary Exploration

ChenPublished 2026Mar 20, 2026

Space × Robotics × AIPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Learning-based Methods Autonomy, Task Planning & Operations Mars Sample Return Spirit & Opportunity

DOI

Mar 20, 2026

AI4MARS: A Dataset for Terrain-Aware Autonomy on Mars

Hiro Ono, Xiangyu Hong, Cindy Chiu, Stephanie Oij +4 morePreprint 2021Jun 19, 2021

Space × AIPLANETARY ROBOTICS Simulation, Digital Twins & Benchmarks Perception & State Estimation Curiosity Spirit & Opportunity Perseverance

NTRS

Jun 19, 2021

Computer Vision for Space Exploration

Dharini Raghavan, Bhavana B RaoPublished 2020 1 citedOct 9, 2020

Space × AIPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Learning-based Methods Autonomy, Task Planning & Operations Spirit & Opportunity

DOI

Oct 9, 2020

Simple texture descriptors for classifying monochrome planetary rover terrains

Dhara K. Shukla, Krzysztof SkoniecznyICRA 2017 6 citedMay 1, 2017

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Spirit & Opportunity

DOI

May 1, 2017

Mars Terrain Image Classification using Cartesian Genetic Programming

Jürgen Leitner, Harding, Simon, Forster, Alexander, Jürgen SchmidhuberInternational Symposium on Artificial Intelligence 2012 19 citedSep 1, 2012

Space × AIPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Learning-based Methods Spirit & Opportunity

DOI

Sep 1, 2012

Stereo Vision Based Navigation for Lunar Rover: A Hardware-Software Co-Design Approach

Alexey Simonov, Mukesh Jha, Max Shevtsov, Sergio Sirota +2 moreSMC-IT/SCC 2025Jul 28, 2025

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Motion Planning & Navigation Design, Mechanisms & Hardware Perseverance Curiosity Spirit & Opportunity

DOI

Jul 28, 2025

Spherical planetary robot for rugged terrain traversal

Laksh Raura, Andrew Warren, Jekan ThangavelauthamIEEE Aerospace 2017 21 citedJan 26, 2017

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Surface Mobility & Terramechanics Perception & State Estimation Design, Mechanisms & Hardware Curiosity Spirit & Opportunity

PDF HTML arXiv

Jan 26, 2017

Enhanced Autonomous Navigation on the Perseverance Mars Rover

Olivier Toupet, Masahiro Ono, Tyler Del Sesto, Mark W. Maimone +1 moreJFR / Field Robotics 2025 6 citedNov 24, 2025

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Motion Planning & Navigation Surface Mobility & Terramechanics Perception & State Estimation Perseverance Spirit & Opportunity

DOI

Nov 24, 2025

Planetary soil classification based on the analysis of the interaction with deformable terrain of a wheel-legged robot

F Comin, Chakravarthini Mini SaajIROS 2015 2 citedSep 1, 2015

Space × Robotics × AIPLANETARY ROBOTICS Surface Mobility & Terramechanics Perception & State Estimation Spirit & Opportunity

DOI

Sep 1, 2015

Onboard Image Processing for Autonomous Spacecraft Detection of Volcanic Plumes

D. R. Thompson, Melissa K. Bunte, Rebecca Castaño, Steve Chien +1 moreLPI 2011 1 citedMar 1, 2011

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS ORBITAL ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Spirit & Opportunity

Source

Mar 1, 2011