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space-robots.org / papers

A Space Robots community project. Metadata from arXiv, OpenAlex, NASA NTRS, Crossref and Semantic Scholar.

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Mission / Mars

Spirit & Opportunity (MER)

NASA / JPL · 2003–2019 · also Mars Exploration Rovers, MER, Spirit, Opportunity

Twin Mars Exploration Rovers that landed in 2004; Opportunity drove more than 45 km and pioneered visual odometry and autonomous driving on Mars.

Official mission page

Papers: 57
Named in: 7 in title · 57 in abstract · 20 in keywords

Papers per year

1

8

10

8

9

2

2

2

0

2

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3

1

2

0

3

1

2010’102011’112012’122013’132014’142015’152016’162017’172018’182019’192020’202021’212022’222023’232024’242025’252026’26

Top techniques

Surface Mobility & Terramechanics17
Perception & State Estimation14
Autonomy, Task Planning & Operations7
Design, Mechanisms & Hardware5
Learning-based Methods5
Motion Planning & Navigation5

Top venues

IEEE Aerospace6
LPSC5
ICRA3
SpaceOps3
AIAA SPACE / ASCEND2
JFR / Field Robotics2

Also mentioned

Curiosity (MSL)22
Mars Sample Return7
Perseverance (Mars 2020)7
Rosalind Franklin (ExoMars)2
SPHERES2
InSight1

/

PLANETARY ROBOTICS5ISRU & CONSTRUCTION0ORBITAL ROBOTICS0IN-SPACE SERVICING0PROGRAMS & POLICY0Unassigned0

Manipulation & Grasping4Surface Mobility & Terramechanics17Microgravity Mobility & Free-Flyers0Rendezvous, Proximity Ops & Docking0Perception & State Estimation14Motion Planning & Navigation5Guidance, Dynamics & Control1Learning-based Methods5Foundation Models & LLMs0Autonomy, Task Planning & Operations7HRI & Teleoperation4Multi-Robot & Swarms1Simulation, Digital Twins & Benchmarks4Design, Mechanisms & Hardware5

Preprint (arXiv only)0Any workshop0

Space robotics & aerospace

iSpaRo0i-SAIRAS0ASTRA0IEEE Aerospace2IAC0AIAA SciTech0AIAA SPACE / ASCEND0SMC-IT/SCC1IEEE SPACE0ASCE Earth & Space0SmallSat0AMOS0SpaceOps0AAS GN&C0AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics0AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics0ICES0Aerospace Mechanisms04S Symposium0COSPAR0Space Resources Roundtable0NASA Technical Report0LPSC0

Robotics

ICRA0IROS0RSS0CoRL0Humanoids0CASE0AIM0ROBIO0SII0Robomec0

Other venues2

–

Has code0Classics0

5 papers naming Spirit & Opportunity

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Enabling continuous planetary rover navigation through FPGA stereo and visual odometry

Thomas M. Howard, Arin C. Morfopoulos, Jack C. Morrison, Yoshiaki Kuwata +3 moreIEEE Aerospace 2012 32 citedMar 1, 2012

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Motion Planning & Navigation Design, Mechanisms & Hardware Spirit & Opportunity Curiosity

Mar 1, 2012

Stereo Vision Based Navigation for Lunar Rover: A Hardware-Software Co-Design Approach

Alexey Simonov, Mukesh Jha, Max Shevtsov, Sergio Sirota +2 moreSMC-IT/SCC 2025Jul 28, 2025

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Perception & State Estimation Motion Planning & Navigation Design, Mechanisms & Hardware Perseverance Curiosity Spirit & Opportunity

Jul 28, 2025

A Study on Rocker-Bogie Mechanism for a Planetary Rover Prototype

Pawan N. Kakde, S. K. ChoudharyInternational Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 2023Jun 17, 2023

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Surface Mobility & Terramechanics Design, Mechanisms & Hardware Curiosity Spirit & Opportunity

Jun 17, 2023

A Study on Rocker-Bogie Suspension for a Planetary Rover Prototype

Anmol Singh, P. K. JainInternational Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2020 1 citedJan 1, 2020

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Surface Mobility & Terramechanics Design, Mechanisms & Hardware Curiosity Spirit & Opportunity

Jan 1, 2020

Spherical planetary robot for rugged terrain traversal

Laksh Raura, Andrew Warren, Jekan ThangavelauthamIEEE Aerospace 2017 21 citedJan 26, 2017

Space × RoboticsPLANETARY ROBOTICS Surface Mobility & Terramechanics Perception & State Estimation Design, Mechanisms & Hardware Curiosity Spirit & Opportunity

Jan 26, 2017